类人猿行动

暗杀者最初躲藏于两个布拉格家庭中，之后转往圣济利禄暨圣默多狄大教堂寻求庇护。盖世太保遍寻不着，直到外距的成员卡莱尔·可达被捕，并在100万帝国马克赏金的诱惑下供出当地接应人员的姓名。可达的背叛造成大量庇护家庭遭到袭击。以莫拉维克一家为例，6月17日清晨5点，盖世太保冲进公寓并要他们站在走廊等待。莫拉维克太太被允许去上厕所，旋即服下氰化物自杀。莫拉维克先生则同其儿子阿塔被带往培瑟克宫（Peček Palác），当时盖世太保于捷克之总部。阿塔在里面遭到刑求，更痛苦的是见到母亲的头颅在鱼缸中载浮载沉，最后他无可奈何，言其所知。 党卫队在得知暗杀者所在地后，马上包围了教堂。然而在700多名德国士兵攻坚下，志士们皆奋战至死。其中3名，包括暗杀海德里希的库比兹，在两小时的枪战后，于祷告阁楼中被杀（亦有传闻指出库比兹突围成功，但在逃出后伤重不治）。另外4名则在击退一波党卫队攻势后，全员在地窖内自杀，其中包括盖伯瑟克。整个攻坚过程中，德军动用了烟熏逼出与消防车水攻，却仍无法抓到活口。事后党卫队的伤亡人数众说纷纭，民间传闻14死21伤，党卫队的官方数字为0死5伤。无论如何，志士们以小口径手枪和配备机枪榴弹之德军对峙了两小时，仍属不易。：勾陈一cr

我说：

使用Google浏览器有翻译功能，目测可以翻译后中文可以保持较准确的原意。

A famous person said: history is always similar to be seen in multiple events along the historical river.

So a series of arrows will eventually point to the single event through various facts and documents. This event may be ranged shortly among very short moment or a long historical stage.

This paper will focus on the history from the film ‘Anthropoid’ through investigating and collecting information as to give a clear, equal and unbiased appearance towards every main characters in the film. Additionally, this paper will focus on the eventsappeared in this film.

WWII Europe 1941-1942 Map

Before introducing the event of Operation Anthropoid which is the original event in the film, we should firstly introduce the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

Czechoslovakia during 1918-1938

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a protectorate of Nazi Germany established on 16 March 1939 following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939. Czechoslovakia was firstly demanded to give the control of the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler in September 1938. And on 26 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference, which was finally known by the world, the Munich Agreement. Additionally, the remainder (“rump”) of Czechoslovakia was invaded and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State.

Until to the date on 27 September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the aim of Operation Anthropoid, was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and assumed control of the territory.

Reinhard Heydrich

Due to the reason that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich felt the former protector Konstantin von Neurath’s “soft approach” to the Czechs had promoted anti-German sentiment and encouraged anti-German resistance via strikes and sabotage. Upon his appointment, Heydrich told his aides:

We will Germanize the Czeh vermin.

Heydrich came to Prague, the capital of Czech, to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were “extremely important to the German war effort”. To realize his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. He explained:

Making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought.

During his rule by terrorizing the population of Protector before the date on December 1941, the date of starting the plan of Operation Anthropoid, Heydrich arrested estimated between 4,000 and 5,000 people. By 3 October 1941, the decision was taken by Czechoslovak military intelligence in London to kill Heydrich. This is the starting date of planning Operation Anthropoid.

Planning Operation

There are several reasons of planning to kill Heydrich. Firstly, he was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and an important figure in the rise of Adolf Hitler; he was given overall charge of the Final Solution (Holocaust) of the Jews in Europe. Secondly, killing him can help confer legitimacy on government-in-exile in London, as well as for retribution against Heydrich’s brutally efficient rule. The third reason is that, during the WWII, the resistance was active from the very beginning of occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare, but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Nazi Germany. The purpose of operation is to demonstrated to senior Nazis that they were not beyond the reach of allied forces and the resistance groups they supported. (Maybe this is the reason in the beginning screen that the locals want to sell the two intelligence to the Nazi. Some of the locals in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to follow the rule by Nazi German rather than defeating. Another reason of selling was probably the terrorizing control by Heydrich.)

After starting the plan, Czechoslovak intelligence was trained by the British Special Operation Executive (SOE). Preparation began on 20 October 1941. the intelligence was selected from 2,000 exiled Czechoslovak soldiers based in Britain. In the training, one of the intelligence of operation was replaced by another person after the intelligence received a head injury during training. This replacement made the new intelligence named Jan Kubis had not completed training, nor had the necessary false documents been prepared for him. (The potential reason of operation “failure”) Another intelligence was Jozef Gabcik.

Insertion

On 28 December 1941, the intelligence, Gabcik and Kubis landed near the east of Prague and there was a mistaken landing due to the navigation problems of pilots. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organizations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, say that:

An attempt against Heydrich’s life... would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable. Benes, the head of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in British, personally broadcast a message insisting that the attack go forward, although he denied any involvement after the war. Professor Voitech Mastny, an American historian of Czech descent, argues that

he clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance.

Gabcik and Kubis initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the practicalities, they realized this was not going to be possible.

A second plan was to kill him on forest road that led from Heydrich’s home to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opalka who was a member of the Czech sabotage group Out Distance, a WWII anti-Nazi resistance group and a participant in Operation Anthropoid, came to bring them back to Prague.

A third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague.

The Attack in Prague and Medical Treatment and Death of Heydrich

On 27 May 1942 at 10:30, Heydrich started his daily commute from his home in Paneske Brezany to his headquarters at Prague Castle. Gabcik and Kubis waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Liben, where the curve would force the car to slow down. Josef Valcik, member of the Resistance from group Silver A, was positioned about 100 meters north of Gabcik and Kubis as lookout for the approaching car.

Heydrich's green, open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later. As Heydrich's car slowed, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire with his Sten submachine gun, but it jammed and failed to fire. Instead of ordering his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to speed away, Heydrich called his car to halt and then stood up to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol. Kubiš then threw a modified anti-tank grenade (concealed in a briefcase) at the rear of the car as it stopped and its fragments ripped through the car's right rear fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery into Heydrich’s body, upon detonation, wounding him. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.

Another of Heydrich’s Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded.

Heydrich staggered out of the car, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, with his gun in his hand; Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their Colt M1903 pistols but, themselves shocked by the explosion, failed to hit him. Heydrich then chased Kubiš and tried to return fire. Kubiš jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away. Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock and collapsed. Heydrich, still with pistol in hand, gripped his left flank, which was bleeding profusely. He ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot, saying "Get that bastard!". Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with a pistol, severely wounding him in the leg. Gabčík then escaped in a tram, reaching a local safe house.Gabčík and Kubiš did not know that Heydrich was wounded, and were convinced the attack had failed.

A Sten submachine gun, Gabcik’s gun suffered from failure to feed. Czechoslovak paratroopers often complained about the low reliability of B

Late in the afternoon of 27 May, SS Karl Hermann Frank proclaimed a state of emergency and curfew in Prague. Anyone who helped the attackers was to be executed along their family. A search involving 21,000 men began and 36,000 houses were checked. By 4 June, 157 people had been executed as a result of the reprisals but the assassins had not been found and no information was forthcoming.

A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. He was placed in the back of the van, on his stomach, and taken to the emergency room at Bulovka Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and one of his lungs. A splenectomy was performed, and the chest wound, left lung, and diaphragm were all debrided.

Himmler ordered another doctor, Karl Gebhardt, to fly to Prague to assume care. Despite a fever, Heydrich's recovery appeared to progress well. Theodor Morell, Hitler's personal doctor, suggested the use of sulfonamide (a new antibacterial drug), but Gebhardt, thinking Heydrich would recover, declined the suggestion. On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

The world is just a barrel-organ which the Lord God turns himself. We all have to dance to the tune which is already on the drum.

Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler's visit and never regained consciousness. He died on 4 June; an autopsy concluded he died of sepsis which is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs.

Heydrich's assailants hid in safe houses and eventually took refuge in Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, an Orthodox church in Prague. After a traitor in the Czech resistance betrayed their location, the church was surrounded by 800 members of the SS and Gestapo. Several Czechs were killed, and the remainder hid in the church's crypt. The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire, tear gas, and by flooding the crypt. Eventually an entrance was made using explosives. Rather than surrender, the soldiers killed themselves. Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church's leader, Bishop Gorazd, who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church.

Consequences

Infuriated by Heydrich's deathon 9 June, the decision was made to “make up for his death”, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. But after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank, he altered his response. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the region's productivity. Hitler ordered a quick investigation. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report stated that Lidice, 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Prague, was suspected as the assailants' hiding place because several Czech army officers, then in England, had come from there and the Gestapo found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.

On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals. Beginning on 10 June, all males over the age of 16 in the villages of Lidice and Ležáky were murdered. All the women in Ležáky were also murdered.

All but four of the women from Lidice were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp (four were pregnant – they were subjected to forced abortions at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and the women were then sent to the concentration camp). Some children were chosen for Germanization, and 81 were killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp. Both towns were burned and Lidice's ruins were levelled.[140][141] Overall, at least 1,300 Czechs, including 200 women, were killed in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination.

Additionally, under the Hitler’s ordering investigation and reprisals on the very day of the assassination attempt, more than 13,000 were arrested, including intelligence Jan Kubis girlfriend Anna, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opalka’s aunt Marie Opalkova was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father Viktor Jarolim was also killed. According to one estimate, 5,000 people were murdered in the reprisals.

Furthermore, in the investigation, a deadline was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group turned himself in to the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team's local contacts for the bounty of one million Reichsmarks which is a currency in Germany.

(Karel Curda was an active Czech Nazi collaborator during WWII. A solider of the Czechoslovak army in exile, he was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group Out Distance. After the war, Curda was tracked down and arrested. Curda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947. In the alternative theory from Czech historian Plachy, he gave a different account of Curda’s personality and motives. The immediate aftermath of the assassination put Curda under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family and village, just as they had wiped out Lidce and Lezaky, two villages. However, the problem with this theory is that the massacres in Lidice and Lezaky did not occur until almost a moth after Karel Curda’s betrayal. Thus, his betrayal was mainly due to the rewarding of selling out the names of intelligence agent.)

Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Marie Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, where she bit into a cyanide capsule and killed herself. Alois Moravec was unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance; he was taken to the Petschek Palace together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who was tortured throughout the day but refused to talk. The youth was stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank, and warned that, if he did not reveal the information that they were looking for, his father would be next. Ata's strong willpower finally snapped, and he told the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Vlastimil "Ata" Moravec was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiancée, her mother and her brother were executed.

Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day, but they were unable to take the paratroopers alive, despite the best efforts of 750 SS soldiers under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld. Kubiš, Adolf Opálka, and Josef Bublík were killed in the prayer loft after a two-hour gun battle. (Kubiš was said to have survived the battle and to have died shortly after from his injuries.) Gabčík, Josef Valcik, Jaroslav Svarc and Jan Hruby committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to force them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt. The German SS and police suffered casualties, as well, with 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded, according to one report, although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers. The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns, and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík.

(Gabcik and the others, with the exception of Kubis, who was seriously wounded by a grenade, committed suicide before the Nazis could take them alive in the Church catacombs.

Jozef Gabcik

Kubis was wounded in the gun battle and died shortly after arrival at the hospital. In revenge, the Nazis murdered 24 family members and close relatives of Jan Kubis in the concentration camp.

Jan Kubis

Adolf Opalka was injured by shrapnel, committed suicide. Shortly after his departure, on his 27thbirthday, Opalka wrote of homesickness:

I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words "Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this "homesickness" of Božena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Rešice and the fields from Kordula to Rešice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the "vortex" and the "Bare Hill" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.

Adolf Opalka

The other agents names are Josef Bublik, Jan Hruby, Josef Valcik and Jaroslav Svarc.)

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Bishop Gorazd took the blame for the actions in the church, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests, and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Future Aftermath

Heydrich's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA, and Karl Hermann Frank (27–28 May 1942) and Kurt Daluege (28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943) as the new acting Reichsprotektors. After Heydrich's death, implementation of the policies formalised at the Wannsee conference he chaired was accelerated. The first three true death camps, designed for mass killing with no legal process or pretext, were built and operated at Treblinka, Sobibór, and Bełżec. The project was named Operation Reinhard after Heydrich.

文献全部摘自维基百科，由本人筛选和整理，主要出自如下：

Operation Anthropoid from Wikipedia

Reinhard Heydrich from Wikipedia

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from Wikipedia

Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

German occupation of Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

Lidice massacre from Wikipedia

Jozef Gabčík from Wikipedia

Jan Kubiš from Wikipedia

Adolf Opálka from Wikipedia

Karel Čurda from Wikipedia

在我的高中阶段，因为抗战胜利60年的风潮，战时将领的故事又被拿出来宣传，诸如蒙哥马利，朱可夫一类战将。当然也不可避免要提到德军的曼施坦因，古德里安，以及当时我还颇为关注的隆美尔。鉴于这三位德军将领似乎都更关注于战场上战略战术的实施，而鲜有屠杀犹太人或者虐待战俘的行为，因而国际声誉都比较正面。尤其是隆美尔，不管丘吉尔是出于什么目的吹捧他，但德国二战的失败似乎只在他身上投上了英雄末路的反影，却没有罪恶血腥的残留。我自认为还看了一两本纳粹德国的历史书，却不知道为何全然漏掉了海德里希的故事。所以在影片开始时，即使明白类人猿任务的意义，我也不知道他们是否能成功。甚至直到Jozef九死一生逃回潜藏地，说“我们失败了”的时候，我真的以为刺杀行动就这样失败了。非常可笑的因为缺乏历史知识，我反而并没有被一个历史剧剧透。 整个剧大致可以分为两部分，关于刺杀行动的谋划和实施，和刺杀之后的浴血一战。前半部是知其不可而为之的命中注定，而后半部分是虽千万人吾往矣的破釜沉舟。全剧整体的情感基调和镜头的色调是一致的，昏黄晦暗，遮天蔽日，唯一鲜亮的颜色只有喷涌出的鲜血和墙上高挂的纳粹旗，也许还有两位美丽女子的唇，剩下的只有铁青。 刺杀行动前侧重于情报的获取，第一个问题就是关于捷克抵抗组织会不会加以援助，“Why don’t you just go ahead and kill Hitler?” asks one of them. “He’s just a few hundred kilometers down the road in a little village called Berlin!”这时候我还是忍不住对这种黑色幽默莞尔一笑。毕竟，我站在现如今的角度，也很难理解为何英国会下达刺杀海德里希的命令，虽说从道德上气势上起到惩恶扬善的意义，其结果却造成了捷克两个村庄被全部屠杀，平民的损失让类人猿行动于我而言更像是个欠缺思考的鲁莽行为。所以即使捷克方面最终也给予了支持，但所有人知道类人猿行动的含义之后都不免感到惊恐，倒不全是对于海德里希的恐惧，恐怕每个人也都猜到了之后的疯狂报复，更何况彼时千钧一发，谁知功败垂成。所以捷克抵抗组织的配合不能不说令人感动，知其不可而为之，不仅仅是Jan 和 Jozef 两个勇士，也是收留他们的家庭，Maria和Lenka两位女战士（后者更加令人钦佩），以及所有的抵抗组织成员（除了叛徒）。他们虽然从抵抗的最初就做好了赴死的觉悟，然而肯为这样一个大胆如赌徒并且自断所有退路的行动献身，这种极端条件下对于人性的叩问又是完全不同的。 统一战线后则侧重于刻画如何获取关于海德里希行动的情报。这部分有两处让我觉得非常惊讶，一是海德里希作为党卫军仅次于希姆莱德高层，却毫不在乎自己的安保工作，另一个是在如此仓促的最后的行动时间窗口，两位勇士居然能一切按计划进行有条不紊，令人觉得冥冥自有天意。哪怕枪在关键时候居然失灵，仅凭一个自制炮弹也能要了海德里希的命。历史是条单行道，回溯时候觉得有千万条岔路的可能，而车轮却义无反顾沿着既定的轨道前行。这就是海德里希和捷克的命运。 刺杀前还有一些必要的铺垫，比如爱情。毕竟两位主演都是美颜，当然要有女伴。一对青年男女漫步街头，披着爱情的外衣获取情报，没有比这个更为浪漫的。颇为反讽的事，故事通过Lenka的口讲出了真相，战争从来没有浪漫，战争就是如此残忍。我们和男女主人公都明白，此时的爱情没有结果的。不免觉得Jan太天真，居然在这当口祈求幸福。然而当我看到Jozef悄悄把Lenka的照片塞进钱包里就明白，这位相对更成熟更心如磐石的勇士也有柔软的心。回想起来，脑海中清晰的记得的一幕，就是Jozef一边刮胡子一边质问Jan，你是来做什么的？确实可笑啊，本该心韧如铁的战士，为何此时会儿女情长。尤其是数子弹那个桥段，当真是有意思。全剧看来，我们以为冷酷铁血看破现实而更为主导行动的Jozef却悄悄萌生了柔软的情感，我们以为优柔寡断到怯懦的Jan在结局却如此英勇热血。大概导演是想通过这样的对照表达的人性的复杂，人因为因为弱点反而更为勇敢，是真正的血肉之躯而非战斗机器吧。 到了刺杀的一刻。万事俱备，枪支失灵。当时还不知结局的我真的有种英雄穷途末路的感慨。不过我很快就惊讶于两位战士的战斗力，灵活躲闪居然能绝境逢生逃了出去。从这时候起叙事节奏加快了很多，依次是捷克抵抗组织对于两位英雄的无条件支持，叛徒的懦弱和卑鄙，严刑拷打下不得不招供的可怜人，以及但求速死不愿泄密的战斗者。故事的高潮是最终最激烈的教堂的枪战。这里比较令人感慨的是一段对话，当Jan知道纳粹德国对于交出刺杀者否则屠杀的威胁，天真的指出愿意去自首以求得平民的安全。而抵抗组织成员则早已看透纳粹的本质，尖锐地指出这毫无疑义。“你是一个战士，你的任务就是战斗到底。造成类人猿行动的结局的，如果要问责，也显然不是你们两位。”理想主义者碰到了坚硬的现实。这个扣动扳机会颤抖的Jan真的成长了，他战斗到了最后。 最终教堂一战令人热泪盈眶。观影前我以为高潮在于刺杀，而事实上真正的故事仿佛在刺杀那一刻才开启。从平淡到高潮一瞬间转换，这种叙事手法上非常强力，一个毫无预料的情节铺展：为了坚守一块注定失去的阵地，他们只将最后一枚子弹留给自己。根本不需要浪费笔墨，导演也无意用悲情配乐来感染观众。一个曾经犹豫的战士已经学会教会别人如何冷静地战斗，一个为了战友能够牺牲一切的战士只能在地下室静静地等候最后一声枪声冷寂下去。随着纳粹的水漫地下攻势，战士们，已经完成了类人猿行动的战士们，与敌人战斗到了最后一刻。7人死守六小时，仅仅这一条历史事实就能说明他们的英勇。人性在极端条件下的测试，居然能达到如此高度，这本身就让人感到激动而啜泣。 其他也没什么好说的，毕竟是历史的剪影，两位战士的塑造尽管尽可能地避免单调，还是无法塑造一个丰满的形象。难能可贵的是导演也用心塑造了两位勇士的成长，为了他们的祖国做一件知其不可而为之的事，就值得这两小时的观影。 另外和情节毫无关系地评论下，Cillian Murphy的颜来演这样一个平常沉稳冷峻彬彬有礼，关键时候敏捷铁血杀敌致果的战士，真的是太意料之外的贴切。

基于真实历史拍摄的影片，围绕刺杀纳粹头目莱因哈德-海德里希而展开，残酷而悲壮的故事。

在国内可以看到的二战时期德占领土的电影，其中有些多少美化了纳粹。在这部片子里可以看到他们非人类的面目、非人类的手段。 而观众更可以看到的是，形形色色的捷克百姓参与到反抗侵略者奴役的战斗中，即使他们中有的人本来也有懦弱的一面。 七个空降兵战斗到生命最后一刻，并将最后一颗子弹留给自己，令人动容； 而普通的抵抗者特别是被纳粹打得满脸是血的老太太，即使本能害怕得失禁也没供出刺杀者，而是选择吞药自尽……

不满意的地方不是原片本身，而是中文字幕版为什么开头一两句英文字幕没翻译全？看英文字幕，明明是在慕尼黑举办的一次希特勒和法英意领导人的会议上，希特勒威胁不把捷克给德国就发动战争，怎么中文字幕只余下希特勒在慕尼黑举办了一个会议，威胁……？

曾经到美丽的捷克美丽的布拉格旅游，对那里的文化、风情、人民留下了美好的印象。 致敬为反法西斯而献身的捷克英雄儿女。打五星有感情分。

首发在微信公众号：心是主人身是客（shenshike-HK）

======

1. 目标 1941年下半年，纳粹德国已占领了大半个欧洲。党卫队重要头目海德里希（Reinhard Heydrich）驻守布拉格。

海德里希在布拉格杀人无数，被人们称作“刽子手”、“金发畜牲”、“布拉格屠夫”。

（图：海德里希，这“金发畜牲”还长得人模人样。纳粹德国的军服，真是酷哇。所有电影角色和真人对比照片，均由我亲爪所做。）

在伦敦的捷克流亡政府，为振奋捷克国民、鼓舞倍遭摧毁的抵抗组织的士气，同时也煞煞纳粹德国的威风，制定了刺杀海德里希的行动，代号“类人猿行动”（Operation Anthropoid）。

（图：看字幕，字幕君很懂行哈，朕甚欣慰。）

捷克流亡政府，在流亡到英国的2000名捷克将士中，挑选了24名精英，送去苏格兰营地接受特殊训练。再在24名精英中，选出两名壮士：准尉朱瑟夫.加布切克(Jozef Gabčík)和另一名兵士。那名兵士被选中，也许太激动也太卖力了，出发前的训练中弄伤了头，最终由上士杨.科比奇(Jan Kubiš)替代了那名受伤者。

（图：朱瑟夫.加布切克，由基里安.墨菲 (Cillian Murphy)饰演。真帅！）

（图：杨.科比奇，由詹米·多南（Jamie Dornan）饰演，詹米演了部《五十度灰》，人气大涨，许多妹纸冲着他关心此片。可是，我觉得明明上面墨菲帅好吗？墨菲长着好有气质的脸。）

这么一来，原本计划在捷克独立日，即1941年10月28日那一天，拿海德里希开刀祭旗的刺杀行动，不得不延迟。

而杨.科比奇被派去布拉格时，尚未来得及完成整个训练。这在影片《类人猿行动》（Anthropoid）作了描写：影片开初，杨在林中追击告密者，瞄准了告密者却怎么也扳不动扳机；在行动中也多次出现心理素质不过关的情况，行刺前一天，几乎崩溃。自称：训练中还未曾杀过人；开枪前，手不由地抖动……

2. 潜入

1941年12月28日晚上10:00，风潇潇兮易水寒，两位荆轲：朱瑟夫和杨，登上了英国皇家空军的轰炸机。同行的还有另外七名捷克军人，以及其他两支去执行其他任务的小队银Ａ、银Ｂ。这些军人和银Ａ、银B在完成他们使命后，转头为暗杀行动服务。一如电影所拍的那样，中尉阿道夫.欧珀卡（Adolf Opálka）说：我军阶比朱瑟夫高，但类人猿行动是优先最高的级别。这一飞机上的人，后来都得听负责行动的朱瑟夫调配。

（图：Anthropoid proceed, stop almost importance. 许多人没看清这指令吧？截给大家看。）

《类人猿行动》这部电影的第一幕，就从朱瑟夫和杨被空投到布拉格附近的林地开始。本来要把他们空投到皮尔森（Pilsen），黑夜中看不清方向，误投到布拉格东面的内维兹第（Nehvizdy）。他们落地后，只好自己摸黑去原始降落地点皮尔森，才和盟军、抵抗组织的接应人接上头。这一路寻路摸回去，料很惊险，电影没拍，记载上也没多落笔墨。

电影里有的情节我就不多说了，请大家看电影去。这部电影拍得非常真实、可信。整部电影，全程无尿点，紧张的气氛从开头一直沿接到中场行刺，行刺结束后，以为可以和缓下来，谁知更紧张、最激烈的高潮在后面。

3. 行刺

我只是补充一下电影中没有提到的，或者交待得不清楚的地方。

朱瑟夫和杨一开始打算在火车上行刺，研究了可行性后，放弃了。

第二个计划，打算等海德里希由家去往布拉格途经一片树林时，在林中伏击。用缆绳把海德里希的汽车拦停后，冲上去行刺。他俩在林中布置好绊马索，等了几个小时，上面提到的，军衔最高的中尉阿道夫驾车来把他俩接回了布拉格，说找到更好的行刺方案。

原来，海德里希对自己在布拉格的铁腕暴力镇守信心满满，经常坐了敞篷奔驰，有时干脆不带卫戍，在街上行驶。这就给暗杀小组有机可乘，经过反复、多次踩点，找出汽车会减速的一个弯坡，电车站对面，离布洛卡医院（Bulovka Hospital）不远。

1942年5月27日，暗杀小组在潜伏了半年后，终于行动。早上10：30，确切时间不是电影中所拍的9:30。相信暗杀成员一早就在那等待，一分一秒度日如年，白白再多捱了一个小时。海德里希坐在他那敞篷奔驰，风风骚骚，由家前往布拉格城堡。朱瑟夫突然跳到车前方，举着司登冲锋枪（Sten submachine gun），瞄准海德里希就扫射。

开火！没动静，擦，卡住了。

开火！没动静，擦，卡住了。

再开火，你妹，什么英国货？扔！

（图：什么叫紧要关头掉链子？相信这一幕，大家和我一样，看得吐血。更别说当时行刺的朱瑟夫他们有多崩溃了。以后谁也甭笑咱国产货的质量了。）

4. 阴谋

【看了前面3节，可以打住，去找电影看啦。下面剧透，会严重影响观剧体验。】

所有的人，包括朱瑟夫，都认为暗杀失败了。因为海德里希一开始活蹦乱跳、大吵大嚷抓刺客，他根本没意识到弹片带着车垫碎片嵌进他身体，体内已经千疮百孔。好一会儿才颓然倒下。

（图：海德里希被炸毁的奔驰敞篷车。）

一名捷克妇女和一名休班警察为海德里希提供了急救，拦截了一辆货车。起先把海德里希塞进了驾驶舱，车一动，海德里希哇哇大叫“痛痛痛”，只好把他拎出来，抬上后面车斗里去。

海德里希被送到了附近的布洛卡医院抢救。暗杀小组智者千虑，必有一失，没考虑到离医院远一点的地方下手。

下午，希姆莱派来的医疗小组接管了海德里希的全部治疗。

海德里希一直发烧，伤口发脓。7天后，似有好转。坐着进午餐时，突然倒了下去，不省人事，第二天凌晨，也就是遇刺后的第8天，1942年6月4日，死亡。

有阴谋论的说法：希姆莱嫉妒海德里希，做了手脚，弄死了海德里希。负责治疗的、由希姆莱派来的医生，战后的供词说没有这回事。

另一种阴谋论的说法：杨扔掷的反坦克手榴弹，改造中加入了生化武器，有某种毒素。毒素随弹片和车椅碎片进入了海德里希的体内。这种说法，更不可能得到英国军方的承认。

5. 叛徒

1942年3月28日，中尉阿道夫和另外两名捷克军人，其中一个叫卡莱尔.库达（Karel Čurda）的，空降布拉格，执行破坏任务。又是飞机导航问题，致使他们一伙误降了另一个地点，加上装备失落，他们就和“类人猿行动”那机人中的银Ａ队员取得联络，加入了“类人猿行动”。一连串的意外和巧合，卡莱尔.库达就这样进入了行动小组。

暗杀行动后，面对纳粹德国疯狂而血腥的报复，一种说法是，库达和他的家人呆在一起，担心他的家人安危，无法抵抗大赦令的诱惑，主动跑去盖世太保处告密。

另一种说法，和电影中拍摄的不同，说他为了一百万赏金而告密。事后，取得了新的身份，和德国女人结了婚，活到战后被抓。

审判时，问他：你怎么会出卖你的同志？

据说，他答：为了一百万，谁不会这样？

电影中，德国人押着库达，叫库达去劝降地窖里的同胞投降。地窖的人，用一种像看疯子一样不可置信的目光看着库达：

“我们是捷克人，捷克人不会投降的。”

嗯，库达一定是假的捷克人。

1947年4月29日，库达以叛国罪被绞死。

1942年6月17日凌晨5:00，盖世太保涌进了莫拉维斯家。那儿子，17岁的阿塔（Ata），在酷刑中沉默了一天，直到纳粹把他母亲的头颅恐吓他：再不招供，你父亲也会这样。才说出了教堂。

1942年10月24日，阿塔和他父亲，女友，女友一家，均被处决。

6. 教堂

1942年6月18日，在阿塔供出教堂后的第二天，没有一天担搁，750 名党卫军包围了教堂。

和电影拍的一样，3名志士守在祈祷室外，激战了2小时。

地窖里的4名志士，坚守了4个多小时。

750名党卫军对7名捷克人。

各种重机枪、手榴弹对几把小口径手枪。

德国人用水浸、用烟熏，想放毒气什么的手段都用上了。弄了6、7个小时，还是无法活捉一个人。

党卫军14死，21伤。

德国人自己报的伤亡数字是：0死，5伤。呵呵呵呵。

装备精良、骁勇善战的德国人，遇到捷克人，好像战斗力不行哎。

7. 影响

希特勒为海德里希举行了两场大型葬礼，一场在布拉格，一场在柏林。

盖世太保血洗了布拉格附近的两个村庄，屠杀全部男性村民，把女性村民送进集中营。（邱吉尔声称纳粹血洗一个捷克村庄，同盟国会攻击3个德国村庄回敬。）

超过1万3千名捷克人被捕。电影中，杨的女友，安娜，也被捕了，后死在毛特豪森集中营。

庇护暗杀成员的教堂主教，为保护教堂神职人员，向纳粹自首，把责任揽在自己身上。纳粹还是在1942年9月4日，把这所教堂所有的神父都枪决了。同样神职人员，这里有这样令人肃然起敬的，那里有性侵儿童的……

同盟国和捷克流亡政府没有预料到，希特勒会针对平民进行如此大规模血腥报复行动。从后来，2年后，又策划福斯利行动（Operation Foxley），打算刺杀希特勒来看，虽然承受了大量人员伤亡损失，同盟国并不后悔这次的“类人猿行动”。

也因为这次“类人猿行动”，同盟国撕毁了出卖捷克的《慕尼黑协议》。有么用？当初出卖捷克时，你们可是笑骑骑啊！

（图：影片中，捷克抵抗者对同盟国的态度。）

8. 后记

原谅我，一遇到第三帝国的事情，就兴奋得停不下来。虽然知道应该没有什么人会对这篇文章有兴趣。

在飞机上看了几部电影。一部《神奇的动物在哪里》，看不下去了。一部《奇异博士》，开头有点惊喜，中间平庸，最后不知所谓。

最后，翻到这部《类人猿行动》，被封面海报两个帅哥迷到，才点了进去，总算是部好片子。

别的不说，光影片中布拉格的景色美如画啊～。

(部分图片来源于网络）

======

更多文章，在微信公众号：心是主人身是客（shenshike-HK）

1、伞兵们抵抗到最后一刻以及捷克人民冒着生命危险保护祖国的英勇壮举永垂不朽。

2、政府居然流亡海外，真是和法国有的一拼。一个流亡海外的，几乎没有在本土组织过有效抵抗的，一个月内沦丧全国的，二百五政府居然还有脸派人来在自己的国境刺杀纳粹高官？？这是多不知羞耻啊！

3、一个法定政府最后沦落到搞暗杀，甚至搞暗杀都来不及培养专业人员。这个政权不是刚刚组织成立力量不足，就是江河日下快要玩儿完。捷克流亡政府显然属于后者。

4、把国家防卫交给别国，慕尼黑协议和捷克斯洛伐克的陷落就是前车之鉴。从前一样，现在也一样。